The main reason why the early battles of the Civil War favored the South is because the South was technically fighting a defensive war--meaning that the North had to make the moves and troop plans that brought them into southern territory, which allowed the South to prepare better.
The two minor indian kingdoms studied in the chapter was : Pandya and Pallavas
Both Gupta and Mauryan were considered the most well known and well established kingdoms india, so that can't be the answer<span />
Answer: C. executive
Explanation: hope this helps!!