Explanation:
The 1911 Revolution, also known as the Chinese Revolution or the Xinhai Revolution, ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and resulted in the establishment of the Republic of China on 1 January 1912. The revolution was named Xinhai (Hsin-hai) because it occurred in 1911, the year of the Xinhai (辛亥) stem-branch in the sexagenary cycle of the traditional Chinese calendar.[2] The revolution marked the end of 2,000 years of imperial rule and the beginning of China's early republican era.[3]The revolution culminated a decade of agitation, revolts, and uprisings. The Qing dynasty had struggled for a long time to reform the government and resist foreign aggression, but the program of reforms after 1900 was opposed by Manchu conservatives at court as too radical and by Chinese reformers as too slow. Underground anti-Qing groups, revolutionaries in exile, reformers who wanted to save the monarchy by modernizing it, and activists across the country debated how or whether to overthrow the Manchus. The flash-point came on 10 October 1911, with the Wuchang Uprising, an armed rebellion among members of the New Army. Similar revolts broke out spontaneously around the country. The abdication of the last Chinese emperor, the six-year-old Puyi, was promulgated on 12 February 1912.
In Nanjing, however, revolutionary armies established a provisional coalition government. The National Assembly declared the Republic of China, then declared Sun Yat-sen, the leader of the Tongmenghui (United League), President of the Republic. A brief civil war between North and South ended in compromise. Sun resigned in favor of Yuan Shikai, who became President of the new national government in Beijing. Yuan's failure to establish a legitimate central government before his death in 1916 led to decades of political division and warlordism, including attempts at imperial restoration.
The Republic of China on the island of Taiwan and the People's Republic of China on the mainland both consider themselves the legitimate successors to the 1911 Revolution and honor the ideals of the revolution including nationalism, republicanism, modernization of China and national unity. In Taiwan, 10 October is commemorated as Double Ten Day, the National Day of the ROC. In mainland China, the day is celebrated as the Anniversary of the 1911 Revolution.
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