D) a reversal of religious toleration policies
Explanation:
- Shah Jahan was the ruler who marked a transitional period in the history of India under Muslim rule. At the end of the seventeenth century, it was clear that the Mogul Empire was beginning to decline.
- The military and the court were too expensive for the state budget, and the rulers continued to invest in lavish cultural achievements, neglecting the agriculture on which all that wealth was based. The
- economic crisis came to light during the reign of Aurangzeb (1658-1707), who believed that the solution to the crisis lay in the greater discipline of Muslim society.
- His insecurity was particularly reflected in his murderous hatred of Muslim "heretics" as well as members of other faiths.
- The heirs abandoned his policy, but the damage had already been done. Even the Muslims themselves were dissatisfied: there was nothing truly Islamic in Aurangzeb's ardent fulfillment of Sharia. Specifically, Sharia advocates justice for all, including the winters. Thus the Mughal Empire began to disintegrate, with local Muslim governors striving to take control of their territories as independent state units.
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Answer:
Efforts to end segregation
Explanation:
The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the African American Male is the longest nontherapeutic experiment on human beings in medical history, as noted by Arthur L. Caplan (1992). Begun in 1932 by the United States Public Health Service (USPHS), the study was purportedly designed to determine the natural course of untreated latent syphilis in some 400 African American men in Tuskegee, Macon County, Alabama. The research subjects, all of whom had syphilis when they were enrolled in the study-contrary to the “urban myth” that holds “black men in Alabama were injected with the virus that causes syphilis” (Walker, 1992)-were matched against 200 uninfected subjects who served as a control group.
The subjects were recruited with misleading promises of “special free treatment,” which were actually spinal taps done without anesthesia to study the neurological effects of syphilis, and they were enrolled without their informed consent.
The subjects received heavy metals therapy, standard treatment in 1932, but were denied antibiotic therapy when it became clear in the 1940s that penicillin was a safe and effective treatment for the disease. When penicillin became widely available by the early 1950s as the preferred treatment for syphilis, this therapy was again withheld. On several occasions, the USPHS actually sought to prevent treatment.
The first published report of the study appeared in 1936, with subsequent papers issued every four to six years until the early 1970s. In l969, a committee at the federally operated Center for Disease Control decided the study should continue. Only in 1972, when accounts of the study first appeared in the national press, did the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) halt the experiment.
At that time, 74 of the test subjects were still alive; at least 28, but perhaps more than 100, had died directly from advanced syphilis. An investigatory panel appointed by HEW in August 1972 found the study “ethically unjustified” and argued that penicillin should have been provided to the men. As a result, the National Research Act, passed in 1974, mandated that all federally funded proposed research with human subjects be approved by an institutional review board (IRB). By 1992, final payments of approximately $40,000 were made to survivors under an agreement settling the class action lawsuit brought on behalf of the Tuskegee Study subjects. President Clinton publicly apologized on behalf of the federal government to the handful of study survivors in April 1997.
Several major ethical issues involving human research subjects need to be studied further. The first major ethical issue to be considered is informed consent, which refers to telling potential research participants about all aspects of the research that might reasonably influence their decision to participate. A major unresolved concern is exactly how far researchers’ obligations extend to research subjects. Another concern has to do with the possibility that a person might feel pressured to agree or might not understand precisely what he or she is agreeing to. The investigators took advantage of a deprived socioeconomic situation in which the participants had experienced low levels of care. The contacts were with doctors and nurses who were seen as authority figures.
Answer:
Probably B
Explanation:
The lights are the industrialization and the extra work time is labor
In the first Industrial Revolution, less than 10 percent of the American workforce was employed by manufacturing.
The commercial Revolution transformed economies that had been based on agriculture and handicrafts into economies based totally on massive-scale enterprise, mechanized production, and the manufacturing unit device. New machines, new energy resources, and new approaches to organizing work made existing industries extra productive and efficient.
The economic Revolution delivered sweeping changes in monetary and social organisation. these adjustments covered a much broader distribution of wealth and accelerated international trade. Managerial hierarchies additionally evolved to supervise the division of hard work.
The working conditions in factories were regularly harsh. Hours were long, commonly ten to twelve hours a day. running conditions have been regularly hazardous and led to lethal injuries. duties tended to be divided for efficiency's sake which brought about repetitive and monotonous paintings for personnel.
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