The answer is B. 0.5 ounce
A standard drink should have around 14gram or 0.5 ounce or alcohol content. The volume of alcohol would be vary in different drinks because of the different alcohol concentration. Standard drink on different beverage would be 12 ounches of beer, 5 ouches of wine or 1.5 ounches of spirits.
During glycolysis, the source of the chemical energy that is captured in ATP:
B. the chemical bonds in glucose
Explanation:
- Glycolysis is also known as Embden-meyerhof pathway.
- It is an oxidative process in which one mole of glucose is partially oxidized into two moles of pyruvate.
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
- The breakdown of six-carbon glucose into two molecules the three-carbon pyruvate occurs in ten steps.
- The first five steps of this pathway constitute the preparatory phase.This phase consumes energy during the phosphorylation of glucose.
- The preparatory phase produces two molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).
- The two molecules of G3P are then converted to pyruvate in the next five steps that constitute the payoff phase.
- The energy gain of glycolysis comes in this payoff phase.
- The oxidation of G3P yields a high energy molegule 1,3 -bisphosphoglycerate .
- The high energy phosphate on carbon 1 of this molecule is donated to ADP and ATP is produced.
- This synthesis of ATP is called substrate level phosphorylation because ADP phosphorylation is coupled with exergonic breakdown of a high-energy bond.
Answer:
The DNA must be copied so there is a full set of DNA to pass on to each daughter cell.
Answer:
Several 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiapyrimidine nucleosides were studied for their ability to inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA replication in a HBV-transfected cell line (2.2.15). 2',3'-Dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (SddC) and 5-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine(5-FSddC) were found to be the most potent anti-HBV compounds of those examined. Both compounds resulted in nearly complete cessation of viral DNA replication at 0.5 microM, as monitored by the absence of both intracellular episomal and secreted viral DNAs. The HBV-specific RNAs were not reduced at concentrations that completely blocked HBV DNA replication, suggesting that the inhibitory target is HBV DNA synthesis. The antiviral action of SddC and 5-FSddC was reversible. The concentration of SddC and 5-FSddC required to inhibit 50% of 4-day cell growth in culture was 37 microM and more than 200 microM, respectively. Unlike 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, these two compounds do not affect mitochondrial DNA synthesis in cells at concentrations lower than that required to inhibit cell growth. In view of the potent and selective antiviral activity, both SddC and 5-FSddC should be further evaluated for the treatment of human HBV infection.
Explanation:
10 protons are pumped by the membrane-associated electron transport system across the membrane for every molecule of NADH that is oxidized.
<h3>Electron transport chain:</h3>
Two protons are pumped across the membrane by this last complex in the electron transport chain, which also completes the ultimate transfer of electrons to oxygen. NADH molecule enters the electron transfer chain after passing a total of 10 protons across the membrane.
The inner membrane of the mitochondria contains a number of chemical compounds and proteins that make up the electron transport chain. In a sequence of redox reactions, electrons are transferred from one component of the transport chain to another. In these processes, energy is released as a proton gradient, which is then utilized to produce ATP through a process known as chemiosmosis. Oxidative phosphorylation is a process that involves both chemiosmosis and the electron transport chain.
Learn more about electron transport here:
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