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In 1892, Congress passed the Chinese Registration Act or the “Geary Act,” named for its sponsor, Representative Thomas J. Geary from California. The Geary Act required all American residents of Chinese origin or descent to carry a “certificate of residence” that demonstrates that they are legally entitled to be in the country. The lack of a residence certificate was sufficient to justify deportation. The Geary Act built on earlier statutes that had restricted immigration from China. The introduction of immigration restrictions and significant distinct regulation of Chinese immigrants was a departure from earlier American practice, when immigration in general had been actively encouraged and the legal obstacles to immigration to the United States were minimal. The hostility to Chinese immigration was particularly strong on the West Coast, which had seen an influx of foreign laborers, particularly from
China. Jee Gam arrived in San Francisco as a teenager in the late days of the American Civil War. In the United States, he converted to Christianity and took up missionary work in the Chinese community in California. In 1890, he was ordained as a Congregational minister, the first Chinese American to do so. He was an activist on behalf of Chinese interests in the United States, and he married and had several children in the United States. He was still legally barred from becoming a naturalized American citizen when he died in 1910 on a voyage back to China. His critique of the Geary Act was published in an evangelical journal based in San Francisc
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