The supreme court and any other lesser courts that the Congress might from time to time establish and prescribe shall have exclusive jurisdiction over all legal matters in the United States.
The judges of both the highest and lower courts shall serve in good standing and earn compensation for their services at predetermined intervals that will not decrease while they are still in office.
Court organization, judge tenure, and judge compensation:
Regarding how the federal judiciary is set up, the Constitution is essentially silent. Everyone quickly agreed that there should be a federal judiciary. But there was substantial debate over whether it should consist of a single high court at the top of the federal judicial system or a high court with appellate authority over state courts that would initially hear all but a small percentage of cases involving national problems.
A "National judiciary [to] be constituted to comprise of one or more supreme courts, and of lesser tribunals, to also be chosen by the National Legislature" was outlined in the Virginia Plan.
To learn more about the understand the quotation from Judge Stewart Daizel, use the link below.
brainly.com/question/13670225?referrer=searchResults
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Many people lost their savings.
Answer:
Well, first you'll have to identify themes of their rule.
Style of rule -
NII was obviously an autocrat (even though he, in theory anyway, had a representative body of the peoples, the Duma. But he hung onto his absolute rule with the Fundamental Laws (1905)), and Lenin had spoke alot of 'dictatorship of the proletariat,' both pretty absolute.
Repression (secret police, censorship) -
NII had the Okhrana, and tried to continue his father's 'Reaction.' Secret police for the
purpose of preserving the status quo, keeping the Tsars in power.
Lenin's Cheka was far more efficient, and though the total amount of the Cheka's victims in the civil war are officially 12,000 and something(wiki it), historians widely believe this figure to be in excess 500,000. Lenin therefore could be judged as the worse of the two.
Reform -
- NII - Illusory Reform (October Manifesto created the Duma, and as mentioned, this had no real authority),
- Stolypin's land reforms did almost nothing. Lenin issues the Workers Control Decree, and also
- the Bolshevik Land Decree - however these were only very temporary (before a return to a very
- authoritarian economic set-up (strict discipline etc). These therefore could also be judged as illusory.
Similarities-
- Both used concessions/reform in order to maintain control. Nicholas with the October Manifesto and
the creation of the Duma and Lenin with the NEP to appease the SR's and the rightists of the Bolsheviks.
- They both 'backtracked' on the reforms however with Lenin calling the NEP a 'tactical retreat' and would've
- reverted it had he been alive and Nicholas made the 1906 constitution/ Fundamental laws which limited the Duma's powers and maintained his position as an autocrat.
