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Updated Mar 1 2021
Family Life
European colonists in North America had varying family patterns, especially during the 1600s. In the New England colonies, the early settlers immigrated in whole family units (now called nuclear families) composed of a father, mother, and children. They formed communities based on these nuclear families, which provided valuable stability for British colonial society. The climate of New England proved to be remarkably healthful, and the land supported numerous crops that made a relatively nutritious diet possible. As a result, family members in these colonies were on average healthier than people back home in England and in other colonies. The number of infant deaths was relatively low, and people lived longer lives.
The situation was quite different in other colonies. For instance, family life in New Netherland was unstable until Peter Stuyvesant (1610–1672) became leader of the colony in 1647 (see Chapter 4). He established policies to promote the immigration of nuclear families, which brought new stability to the colony. In early Virginia and Maryland, deadly diseases and different social conditions produced less stable communities. In the early seventeenth century, far more men than women came to the region, most of them unmarried indentured servants (people bound by signed documents to work as laborers for a specified time) who worked in tobacco fields. The few young women who did arrive during this period often found prospective husbands who paid off their terms of service so they could marry sooner. Plantation owners sometimes brought wives with them, but the overall ratio of men to women remained unbalanced, and there were not enough families to sustain the population until the 1680s (see Chapter 7).
The unhealthy climate also took a heavy toll on families in these colonies. Many people died of diseases such as malaria (a disease transmitted by mosquitoes), typhus (a disease transmitted by lice), and dysentery (a disease characterized by severe diarrhea). Few seventeenth-century families in the Chesapeake region survived intact until the children reached adulthood. For this reason, households and kinship extended beyond the nuclear family to include children from multiple marriages, children from households of relatives, and other relations
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