Answer:
Nonliving characteristics include the fact that they are not cells, have no cytoplasm or cellular organelles, and carry out no metabolism on their own and therefore must replicate using the host cell's metabolic machinery. Viruses can infect animals, plants, and even other microorganisms.
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In general, one species wins, and one species is eliminated. These experiments gave rise to the competitive exclusion principle: No two species of similar requirements can long occupy the same niche (coexist). In the case of paramecium, the same species always won.
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A hydrogen bond forms from the attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom.
