Arrange the steps of the chemical response of a cell to epinephrine in the correct order. 1. production of GTP from GDP 2. conve
rsion of cyclic AMP to ATP 3. activation of a G protein in the cell membrane 4. release of glucose into the bloodstream 5. activation of adenylate cyclase 6. conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP
Epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands and some neurons. This hormone binds to a type of G protein-coupled receptor called beta-adrenergic receptors. This binding results in the activation of adenylate cyclase and the intracellular production of a second messenger known as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is synthesized from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). cAMP activates different kinases that phosphorylate specific protein substrates, thereby activating and inhibiting different enzymatic reactions. Finally, this process activates an enzyme called glycogen phosphorylase that breaks down glycogen into glucose which is released in the blood.
