International business research is only beginning to develop theory and evidence highlighting the importance of supranational regional institutions to explain firm internationalization. In this context, we offer new theory and evidence regarding the effect of a region's "institutional complexity" on foreign direct investment decisions by multinational enterprises (MNEs). We define a region's institutional complexity using two components, regional institutional diversity and number of countries. We explore the unique relationships of both components with MNEs' decisions to internationalize into countries within the region. Drawing on semiglobalization and regionalization research and institutional theory, we posit an inverted U-shaped relationship between a region's institutional diversity and MNE internationalization: extremely low or high regional institutional diversity has negative effects on internationalization, but moderate diversity has a positive effect on internationalization. Larger numbers of countries within the region reduces MNE internationalization in a linear fashion. We find support for these predicted relationships in multilevel analyses of 698 Japanese MNEs operating in 49 countries within 9 regions. Regional institutional complexity is both a challenge and an opportunity for MNEs seeking advantages through the aggregation and arbitrage of individual country factors.
Answer and Explanation:
The computation is shown below:
a. The manufacturing overhead is
= factory utilities + depreciation on factory equipment + indirect factory labor + indirect material + factory manager salary + property tax + factory repairs
= $16,500 + $12,650 + $48,900 + $70,800 + $8,000 + $2,500 + $2,000
= $161,350
b. The product cost is
= Direct material used + direct labor + total manufacturing overhead
= $157,600 + $79,100 + $161,350
= $398,050
c. The period cost is
= Depreciation on delivery truck + sales salaries + repairs to office equipment + advertising + office supplies used
= $3,800 + $48,400 + $1,300 + $23,000 + $4,640
= $81,140
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The question is incomplete. The following is the complete question.
Sag Manufacturing is planning to sell 400,000 hammers for $6 per unit. The contribution margin ratio is 20%. If Sweet will break even at this level of sales, what are the fixed costs?
Answer:
Fixed costs are $480000
Explanation:
The break even sales is the value of total sales or total revenue where it equals total cost and the company makes no profit or no loss. The break even in sales is calculated by dividing the fixed costs by the contribution margin ratio.
Break even in sales = Fixed cost / Contribution margin ratio
Plugging in the available values we can calculate the value of fixed cost. We know that the break even in units is at 400000 units. Thus, its value in sale will be 400000 * 6 = 2400000
2400000 = Fixed cost / 0.2
2400000 * 0.2 = Fixed cost
Fixed costs = $480000
Answer is c
Hope that helps
