The answer is A, Northern Europe
In the past, experts and teachers taught apprentices their arts and disciplines, but over the centuries and the growth of universities and the increase of those who could attend university, it became mandatory, in the last two centuries, having a career, a mastership or postgraduate degree were vital every time more to obtain specialized jobs. Now, curricular innovation is a permanent process, in which academic institutions evaluate their education programs, the skills students need in a modernized world, teaching and learning methodologies, as well as advances in current knowledge, to have the best teaching according to the time and the advances in the sciences.
One of the main ways in which the United States attempted to strengthen its ties and influence with the nations of Latin America was by declaring that further attempts to colonize this area by Europeans would be met with resistance by the US--as embodied in the Monroe Doctrine.
