Had to look for the options and here is my answer.
The main reason why political debates of the early United States were so violent and intense is because "the Federalists did not accept the Republicans as a legitimate opposition." This is the time that both of these parties do not agree with each other in any way. Hope this answer helps.
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Answer:
Option: b. As a tragic family quarrel among white Americans, in which blacks played no significant part.
Explanation:
The Civil War of the 1860s fought between the North (Union) and the South (Confederates). The outcome of the war was worst and bloody. The war saw many casualties than any other war in America. Both the sides were affected, but the Southern had to pay price for it. In the 1890s, the war was seen as tragic because they were fighting among themselves. The only difference was their ideas on slavery.
It is C. The competition between European powers to build the largest army and navy