This sentence means that the war of
1812 guaranteed the survival of the United States as a nation by securing
respect from the powers of Europe. Without victory in this war, there would
have been attempts to recolonize the United States by Britain and other
European powers.
None of the choices provided the right order of ranking the classes. Rather, the classes of Ottoman society is ranked starting at the top with Men of the Pen, Men of the Sword, Men of the Negotiation, and Men of Husbandry.