No, Rosa Parks was not the first person to defy the bus segregation.
When sea routes were discovered
The Homestead Act (1862) granted land for former African slaves in Western U.S.
Also, they were not "African Americans". They were freed, but many were not Americans yet. They were Africans :)
Hope this helped.
They controlled people through fear of their gods of their religion. Also they had access to plenty of gold which was valuable at the time.