Shortly after midnight on this day in 1961, East German soldiers begin laying down barbed wire and bricks as a barrier between Soviet-controlled East Berlin and the democratic western section of the city.
After World War II, defeated Germany was divided into Soviet, American, British and French zones of occupation. The city of Berlin, though technically part of the Soviet zone, was also split, with the Soviets taking the eastern part of the city. After a massive Allied airlift in June 1948 foiled a Soviet attempt to blockade West Berlin, the eastern section was drawn even more tightly into the Soviet fold. Over the next 12 years, cut off from its western counterpart and basically reduced to a Soviet satellite, East Germany saw between 2.5 million and 3 million of its citizens head to West Germany in search of better opportunities. By 1961, some 1,000 East Germans–including many skilled laborers, professionals and intellectuals–were leaving every day.
In August, Walter Ulbricht, the Communist leader of East Germany, got the go-ahead from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev to begin the sealing off of all access between East and West Berlin. Soldiers began the work over the night of August 12-13, laying more than 100 miles of barbed wire slightly inside the East Berlin border. The wire was soon replaced by a six-foot-high, 96-mile-long wall of concrete blocks, complete with guard towers, machine gun posts and searchlights. East German officers known as Volkspolizei (“Volpos”) patrolled the Berlin Wall day and night.
Many Berlin residents on that first morning found themselves suddenly cut off from friends or family members in the other half of the city. Led by their mayor, Willi Brandt, West Berliners demonstrated against the wall, as Brandt criticized Western democracies, particularly the United States, for failing to take a stand against it. President John F. Kennedy had earlier said publicly that the United States could only really help West Berliners and West Germans, and that any kind of action on behalf of East Germans would only result in failure.
Answer:
modern humans originated in Africa and migrated to other parts of the world.
Explanation:
The proposition "Out of Africa" is an evolutionary theory which explains that modern human has been originated from Africa about 100,000–200,000 years ago and then have migrated to different parts of the world following the late Pleistocene. The advancement of genetic analytics techniques in the 1980s exposed scientists to the hypothesis named out of Africa. The model emphasizes that while the world once inhabited by different human-like creatures, only one has evolved into modern man.
Flappers were women of the 1920's who went against societal/traditional norms of how a woman should act. During this era, Flappers were known for their short dresses, bobbed hair cut, love of music, and enjoyment of parties. Before this time, women were seen as individuals who were supposed to dress conservatively, barely showing any skin, and were responsible for staying at home and completing domestic chores.
However, the Flappers changed this mentality forever. This group refused to accept their fate of being housewives and chose to be rebellious. Their focus was no longer about finding a husband and raising a family. Rather, it was about enjoying themselves and doing what they wanted, when they wanted.
The Great Migration<span>, or the relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest and West from 1916 to 1970, had a huge </span>impact<span> on urban life in the United States.</span>
