I believe you’re talking about a prepositional phrase. Ex: On the table, in the kitchen.
A phrase is a set of words that don't have a subject doing a verb.
A clause does have a subject doing a verb.
So therefore, 1 would be a phrase, 2 would be a subordinate clause, and I'm sure (or hope) you can figure out the rest..?
Answer:
In the Gettysburg Address, Lincoln calls upon the living to resolve three things: one, "that these dead shall not have died in vain"; two, "that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom"; and three, "that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth." ...
