With Jacksonian democracy, Andrew Jackson wanted to consolidate the populist movement that brought him to the presidency. He himself being of relatively humble origins in Appalachia, had a great motivation to do so.
The main pillar of Jacksonian democray was expanding suffrage to most European Americans over the age of 21, in order to expand political power to the common people, instead of leaving it in the hands of the elite. Jackson also wanted to strengthen the presidency at the expense of Congress, and to have the members of the judiciary democratically elected instead of being appointed by political representatives.
Jacksonain democracy was one of the most important political movements of the U.S. until the Civil War.
That's a hard one, but for the most part, I'd say the answer is A. The fascist state of Nazi Germany primarily centered around its military, and many advancements were made because of it.
