A) yes- definitely! many mental disorders are genetically motivated
b) yes! a mental disorder can be a result of for example child abuse
so we already see that d. must be the correct answer.
As for physical factors, I think head trauma could be a good example.
According to Goffman, stigma functions as a kind of reputational bankruptcy, in which the actual self cannot make good on the implicit promises of the virtual self. The best course of action for an executive stigmatized by scandal is to borrow, as it were, reputation and legitimacy from someone else. Managers who have extensive external networks, or who are in fields that emphasize individual reputations, may be able to acquire such cover through existing relationships.
For many others, executive search firms can serve as both the reference and the sponsor. Indeed, the importance of the research that these firms perform lies not only in the exonerating information but also in the time and energy that gathering such information represents. Search firms are hired by companies, not by job seekers, and will not invest in an in-depth background check unless they already believe in the candidate’s innocence and value on the job market. Their investigations provide a form of reputational voucher.
People have power over their conduct, have the ability to make decisions about their life, and are ultimately accountable for finding solutions to their issues, according to humanistic treatment.
<h3>What is Humanistic therapy?</h3>
A holistic approach is used in humanistic treatment, with a focus on self-discovery, human potential, and free will. It seeks to assist you in forming a solid and positive sense of self, exploring your emotions, discovering purpose, and concentrating on your strengths.
Humanistic therapy can be approached in one of two ways: Empathy. You could investigate the idea that your partner doesn't care about your opinions, for instance.
By probing you about what you're currently aware of or how specific emotions make you feel, therapists encourage you to be in the "here and now." To do this, you might employ a variety of strategies, such as role-playing.
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The effect have on our Odds Ratio is The OR would move away form 1 .
<h3>
What is Case-Control Studies?</h3>
Case-control studies are an example of observational studies. In this kind of studies, people are selected because of the presence or absence of a disease, searching for the previous presence of the suspected cause (exposure).
The idea is to select a group of people that has a particular condition or disease (the group of cases) and compare it with a group of persons that does not have this disease (the control group). Researchers analyses both groups and compare them in order to find some information related with the presence of previous or present exposure to factors that are considered as the cause of the disease.
<h3>What is Odds Ratio?</h3>
The variable used to estimate the relationship between the exposure and the development of the disease is called odd ratio and it is an approximation of another variable "relative risk".
The odd ratio is approximately equal to the relative risk (it means it is a good estimator) when the disease is not frequent on the population (in other words, the event under study is rare in the population) and when controls are representative of the population that give rise to the cases.
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