<span>There were several great successes of medieval Asia that
took the world by surprise. Firstly the printing press was discovered in China
and it did change the total outlook of the world. Algebra was also invented
during this period in the Middle East by such scholars as Muhammad Al-Khwarizmi.
The first novel named “The tale of genii” was written in
Japan. Among the challenges faced, black plague was the major challenge that
spread like fire in China and Middle East. The challenge of the Mongols were
also faced by the people living in this area of Middle East.</span>
A. Desmond Tutu.
Nelson Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. (Couldn't have been able to get this award since he was in prison for 27 years, getting out 1990)
Muslims were harassing Christians in the Holy Land.
- The Muslim Seljuk Empire was conquering Anatolia at the time Pope Urban II sent the letter, in 1095, and posing a danger to the Byzantine Empire's eastern frontier. The Byzantines, who were Orthodox Christians, asked the Catholic pope for assistance because they were worried that the Seljuks may take control of their city, Constantinople. Additionally, the persecution of European trade caravans searching for eastern spices and Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land by Turkish Seljuk armies in Anatolia caused the Christian Europeans concern.
- Pope Urban II regarded this as a chance to put a stop to feuds between European kingdoms and to extend the reach of his political influence. He thus urged every Christian to come together in holy land.
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Fortify is a verb that means "strengthen (a place) with defensive works so as to protect it against attack."
Ex. "The whole town was heavily fortified"
