Extending in scope or effect to a prior time or to conditions that existed or originated in the past; especially : made effective as of a date prior to enactment, promulgation, or imposition
The answer is A.) This can be determined as both narrators don’t elaborate as their upbringing in slavery but focus mainly on their thankfulness and hard work of what came after.
I can not explain how he perceives or views that, but here is my shot at it.
"without a struggle, there is no progress"
What in life goes without an obstacle? can you cross the street without looking both ways, yes but you'll most likely be hit by a car. See without taking that extra second you'll not make the progress you'll just keep backpedaling or you end up dead if you follow the example ha!
(In conclusion)
There is little chance without putting in work that you'll actually succeed. <span />
