I believe the answer is A.Germany
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The reason why Europeans failed to take over territory in Africa until the late 19th century is because of disease.
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The main failure of the Articles of Confederation was that it gave too much power to the states, basically the states were all divided into their own governments. The national government have too little power and couldn't properly control the states. The US Constitution was created to balance out the powers between state and national government.
D. They trapped landowners in poverty for generations