Given that (p - 1/p) = 4, the value of p² + 1/p² is 18. Detail below
<h3>Data obtained from the questio</h3>
- (p - 1/p) = 4
- p² + 1/p² = ?
<h3>How to determine the value of p² + 1/p²</h3>
(p - 1/p) = 4
Square both sides
(p - 1/p)² = (4)²
(p - 1/p)² = 16 ....(1)
Recall
(a - b)² = a² + b² - 2ab
Thus,
(p - 1/p)² = p² + 1/p² - (2 × p × 1/p)
(p - 1/p)² = p² + 1/p² - 2
From equation (1) above,
(p - 1/p)² = 16
Therefore,
p² + 1/p² - 2 = 16
Rearrange
p² + 1/p² = 16 + 2
p² + 1/p² = 18
Thus, the value of p² + 1/p² is 18
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Answer:
a. n=4148
b. n=3909
c. The sample size is smaller if a known proportion from prior study is used. The difference in sample sizes is 239
Step-by-step explanation:
a. For sample where no preliminary estimate is given, the minimum sample size is calculated using the formula:

Where:
Margin of error
is the assumed proportion
#Let p=0.5, substitute in the formula to solve for n:

Hence, the minimum sample size is 4148
b. If given a preliminary estimate p=0.38, we use the same formula but substitute p with the given value:

Hence, the minimum sample size is 3909
c. Comparing the sample sizes from a and b:

Hence, the actual sample size is smaller for a known proportion from prior a prior study.
Mathematically, a ray is a portion of a line which starts at a point and goes off in a particular direction to infinity.