The sequence of the genes will be ABCD, abCD and abCd, abcD.
Full question is attatched below.
<h3><u>Explanation:</u></h3>
The genes in the chromosomes are denoted as the sequence of genes present in a single chromatid of a particular chromosome. Thus, the genes here in this question are to be mentioned as ABCD and not as abab.
Crossing over is the process by which the homologous pair of chromosomes do pair up in the Prophase 1 of meiosis 1 division and they exchange a particular part of their DNA with each other. This leads to exchange of genes between the homologous chromosomes, which will form different gametes in near future. This brings about a variation between the offsprings of same individuals.
Here the d gene of the two chromosomes are getting exchanged.
So the chromosomes will become ABCD, abCD and abCd, abcD respectively.
Any non-living factor that is used or present in an ecosystem
Common ones are sunlight oxygen nitrogen climate temperature pH levels and water
The correct answer is option B, that is, Ciliophora.
Ciliophora is the term used for the phylum usually known as the ciliates. Ciliates are the most complex of cells, exhibiting an elaborate cytoskeleton, cilia, two distinct types of nuclei. Ciliates are single-celled species, which at a certain phase of their life cycle, possesses cilia, that is, short hair-like projections used for food gathering and locomotion.
Considering the attached figure; the functional area of the kidney at letter b; is the Renal pyramid.
Kidney pyramid or renal pyramid consist of tubules that transport urine from the cortical, or outer part of the kidney, where the urine is produced, to the calyces, or cup-shaped cavities where the urine collects before passing to the bladder through the ureter.