Cesare Beccaria, an Italian politician and philosopher, greatly influenced criminal law reform in Western Europe. He argued that the effectiveness of criminal justice depended more on the certainty of punishment than on its severity.
Among the most influential critics was Italian Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794), who saw physical punishments as "barbaric." He favored imprisonment as a more humane method of punishment.
Explanation:
Crime and Punishment
As Enlightenment thinking began to challenge traditional ways that governments operated, some philosophes also challenged views of crime and punishment. The topic of criminality and the laws that outlined punishment for crimes became a popular subject. Throughout Europe in the eighteenth century, physical punishments, torture, and the death penalty were the main methods of court justice. The death penalty in England, for instance, applied to more than 200 crimes, including nonviolent crimes against property, such as stealing a loaf of bread. In many European countries, torture was regularly used as a means of getting confessions, and public executions and physical punishments such as public floggings were routine. Among the most influential critics was Italian Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794), who saw physical punishments as "barbaric." He favored imprisonment as a more humane method of punishment. Cesare Beccaria is seen as the founder of the modern penitentiary system today.
Walter white, Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, and James Weldon Johnson were all famous 1920 African American representatives of a prominent literary movement of the 1920s - Harlem Rennaissance.
