<span>Historians consider The American Civil War to be the first modern war. They regard it to be the first modern war because it was the first war where widespread use of mechanized and electrified devices like railroad trains, aerial observation, telegraph, photography, torpedoes, mines, ironclad ships and rifles occurred.Although these recent innovations were used for military purposes during the engagements, the armed forces were sometimes reluctant to embrace new technologies. On occasion, the inventors and entrepreneurs of these new technologies visualized military applications for them and had to persuade the War Department to use them in the military efforts. The military men of the nineteenth century were not trained to see new gadgets as solutions to the problems of warfare. They had been schooled in techniques that were more-or-less classical and the product of long traditions. Experimenting with new devices can jeopardize an entire operation so it took a bold new approach to try any of the many newfangled contraptions that were proposed at the beginning of the conflict.Apart from the new devices that are outlined here, there were hundreds of other proposals to the US War Department for machines intended to bring a swift end to the war. The Confederate States also received hundreds of proposals and tended to try more of them than the Northern States did. Perhaps it was because the Confederacy had the best officers or perhaps it was because of their strategic disadvantage in materials and personnel.The records from the period are full of novel ideas and it is intriguing to consider what difference they might have made had they been tried. Some of the more plausible concepts include a double barreled cannon that fired chain shot, breech loading repeating rifles, ironclad batteries on wheels and various improved artillery shell designs. Some of the inventions were tried and put into use in combat with successful results. Many new weapons were incorporated into the equipment of the armies and changed warfare forever. Despite the interesting aspect of all of this new technology, it is impossible to forget that the new weapons made warfare far more deadly than ever before. The American Civil War was one of the bloodiest wars in history. </span><span>There were several instances where the promoters of the latest technologies believed so strongly in the military value of them that they financed expensive speculative demonstrations during the Civil War. In some cases, the military needed a great deal more convincing than resources allowed, and the businesses went bankrupt.For example, photography had been invented much earlier, but the practical and workable technology was not developed until the nineteenth century. Before this time, most photographs required at least eight hours of exposure, thus being impractical in most cases. The militaries had no great interest in photography at the beginning of the war and several enterprising photographers set out to demonstrate its value in hopes of making a profit.</span>
"b. The terrorists who carried out the attacks claimed that killing American civilians was justified" and "<span>d. Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda planned and carried out the attacks on the United States" are both true, since no plane crashed into the Capital building. </span>
The answer to this question is A, It divided control of newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal
Beginning from the late eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire<span> faced challenges defending itself against foreign invasion and occupation. In response to foreign threats, the empire initiated a period of tremendous internal reform which came to be known as the </span>Tanzimat, which succeeded in significantly strengthening the Ottoman central state, despite the empire's precarious international position. Over the course of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman state became increasingly powerful and rationalized, exercising a greater degree of influence over its population than in any previous era.[1]<span> The process of reform and modernization in the empire began with the declaration of the </span>Nizam-ı Cedid<span>(New Order) during the reign of Sultan </span>Selim III<span> (r. 1789-1807) and was punctuated by several reform decrees, such as the </span>Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane<span> in 1839 and the </span>Hatt-ı Hümayun<span> in 1856. At the end of this period, marked with 1908, to a degree the </span>Ottoman military became modernized and professionalized<span> according to the model of Western European Armies. The period was followed by </span>defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1922)<span>.
Hope this helps</span>
