Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
Answer:
D.electrical signals and chemical neurotransmitters
Explanation:
chemical transmitters are the language that neurons use to connect eachother.
Answer:the word is not marma ok it karma ok
Explanation:I must saturate myself with repose and with the underlying—with Karma.
Karma is the Law of the Universe, the expression of divine Will.
And what have ye done to Karma, that he is so wet and silent?
How can one substitute here a sameness of Karma for identity of soul?
I soon discovered that, no matter how the wheel is turned, the Karma or merit is equal.
Equally unsatisfying is the statement that phenomena are aggregates of Karma.
Answer:
The weather and time do affect crime. The time of day, like late at night, is when most crimes occur. Since it's dark out, the criminal won't be seen as easily compared to during the day. Crime also spikes during warm weather since it seems to be easier for the criminal.
Explanation:
