<span>Species because it narrows it down to one thing.</span>
<span>Neutral mutations are neither harmful nor beneficial.
Therefore, they are invisible to natural selection. (Since they neither improve nor worsen one individual's chances of survival and reproduction over another.)
However neutral mutations can still spread into the population by just random replications and matings. This is called genetic drift.
In other words, they are 'silent'. They are mutations that exist and propagate in populations, but seem to have no effect at all.
The reason they can become important to evolution is that a day can come when they *do* have an effect. In other words, even though an individual mutation may have no immediate effect on survival or reproduction, a *combination* of neutral mutations may provide some new benefit or harm ... at which point natural selection *will* act on that combination.
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The answer is probably B because white blood cells are part of the immune system, so help to fight diseases. The circulatory system helps to move the white blood cell around the body. Also, pathogens are disease causing organisms, and as you can see, they all relate very well. Hope i helped, have a nice day.
Answer: .OH, O2-, H2O2
Explanation:
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive and unstable species containing oxygen. ROS are formed when oxygen is partially reduced, thus they are all radicals with very high reactivity, attacking membrane proteins such as ion channels etc
Examples include peroxides (H2O2), superoxide (O2-), hydroxyl radical (.OH)
The oak tree fungal pathogen, Phytophthora ramorum, has migrated 800 kilometers in 15 years. West Nile virus spread from New York State to 46 other states in 5 years. The difference in the rate of spread is probably related to the mobility of their hosts
<h3>What is
West Nile virus ?</h3>
West Nile fever is brought on by the single-stranded RNA virus known as the West Nile virus (WNV). It belongs to the same genus as the Zika virus, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus, Flavivirus, and is a member of the family Flaviviridae. Mosquitoes, primarily Culex species, are the main vectors of the virus. Since birds are the major hosts for WNV, the virus continues to spread via a "bird-mosquito-bird" cycle. The virus shares genetic ancestry with the family of viruses that cause Japanese encephalitis.
The virus causes disease symptoms in both humans and horses, and symptoms are hardly seen in other animals. In Uganda, the human sickness was first recognized in 1937, and in the second half of the 20th century, it spread to many other countries.
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