Rereading. Or looking up unknown words.
I believe it’s The history of American literature stretches across more than 400 years. It can be divided into five major periods, each of which has unique characteristics, notable authors, and representative works.
Or
The history of American literature stretches across more than 400 years. It can be divided into five major periods, each of which has unique characteristics, notable authors, and representative works.
I’m so sorry if I get it wrong
The answer would be "in particular", you labeled it "b" but you might've meant "c"...? Anyway it's "in particular" because that's where the sentence shifts from the main focus to an example that supports it.
the correct answer is D. responses to the public protests have partially calmed the crowds, like tranquilizer pills.