Italy, Belgium, France, Poland, Switzerland, Portugal, Brazil. This was right at the very beginning of the rise of communism. People were tired of tyrant kings and the ruling class, so they decided to do something about it. Marx released his manifesto around this time, which cause more revolutions in 1848.<span />
I believe the answer is the first one.
Nationalism contributed to the
decline of the Hapsburg Empire; nationalist wanted a restoration of the old
order, but the Empire wanted a multicultural empire, so the nationalist revolted
in 1848. Nationalism also led to the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire; Balkan
nationalists revolted against Ottomans, hoping to set up their independent
states, and when the empire began to fail, European powers (Britain, Austria
and Russia among others) tousled to divide up Ottoman lands.
