Hybridomas, which produce monoclonal antibodies, are made by fusing cells of the immune system with B lymphocytes and myeloma cells.
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What are Hybridomas?</h3>
- Large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies is made possible through hybridoma technology.
- An antigen that triggers an immune response is first injected into a mammal to begin the process.
- A specific sort of white blood cell called a B cell makes antibodies that bind to the antigen that has been injected.
- These antibody-producing B-cells are then removed from the animal and combined with immortal B cell cancer cells, or myeloma, to create a hybrid cell line known as a hybridoma.
- It possesses both longevity and procreative capacity of the myeloma and the antibody-producing capacity of the B-cell.
Hence, the creation of hybridomas, which result in the production of monoclonal antibodies, involves fusing immune system cells with B lymphocytes and myeloma cells.
To learn more about Hybridomas refer to:
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Answer:
The correct answer is D.
Explanation:
Bordetella pertussis is a gram-negative coccobacillus that causes a disease called whooping cough.
The bacterium infests the patients by colonizing lung epithelial cells. To do so, it requires adhesins, called filamentous haemagglutinin, fimbriae and pertactin. Once the bacterium is attached to the lung epithelial cells, it produces a cytotoxin that prevents their cilia from moving.
Another virulent factor from B. pertussis is the pertussis toxin, which alters host immune system through the inhibition of phagocytes response to it.
Answer:
tinnitus, conductive hearing loss and aural fullness.
Explanation:
Answer:
Since this question has multiple subquestions in it, I will give you the answer to them as follows:
1. Which neuron would activate a muscle? They are called multipolar neurons, they are found mostly originating from the CNS itself and they are multipolar because when a neuron stimulates a muscle, one signal from just one terminal is not enough; it requires the stimulation from several neurnal terminals.
2. Which neuron would be found in the retina of the eye? A bipolar neuron. This is because these neurons will fulfill a double function: to activate the muscles of the retina, and also they will convey messages taken by the sense of sight, towards the brain for interpretation and integration.
3. Which neuron is a sensory neuron found in a reflex arc? The answer again is a unipolar neuron. These neurons will not reach the brain itself, but rather the reflex arc site on the spinal cord. Their task is to relay sensations from the site that has been stimulated to the spinal cord and from there to the affected place, with the correct response.
4. Which neuron is never myelinated? Again the answer is the bipolar neurons found connecting the retina and the eyes. The reason is that these neurons are capable of relying fast messages to and from the brain, whereas in myelinated ones, messages go slower due to the myeling sheaths.
5. Which neuron is typically involved in the special senses of sight and smell? Once more the answer is the bipolar neurons that are most commonly found connecting the different organs of these two senses. Since these have such unique capabilities: relying information for integration and sensory and motor responses, their action potentials travel fast, and have a short distance to go.
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