The period between the end of the middle ages and the present
(apex)
Not really,
It is reliant on the intensity of the attack as well as the power of the attacking nation.
some countries have been attacked and literally never fought back but surrendered if the attacking nation is more powerful in terms of military power.
in case the intensity of the attack can be absorbed, a country can also opt for diplomacy as war is the ultimate sanction in international relation.
in case the country feels it has the capacity to protect its sovereignty then fighting back is the only option.
These books are called Period pieces
I looked it up and it seems that the best best answer would be RISE AND FALL OF DYNASTIES.
C, as the others dont deal with the selling of securities