.“As an antidote to social and cultural insecurity, Japanese leaders urged national loyalty and devotion to the emperor. The values of obedience and harmony, which the west lacked, would distinguish Japan from the West. This sense of nationalism would insulate Japan from the revolutions that weakened Russia, and China after 1900.
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The Anglo-Saxons divided the kingdoms of England into districts called Shires.
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Although the lawgivers of the traditional Hindu codes (Dharma-shastras) themselves tend to treat jati s as varna s (social classes) and try to account on other occasions for jati s as products of alliances between the four varna s (Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras) and their descendants, a sharp distinction should be made between jati as a limited regional endogamous group of families and varna as a universal all-Indian model of social class.
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To reform Catholic policies
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The North American fur trade, an aspect of the international fur trade, was the acquisition, trade, exchange, and sale of animal furs in North America. Aboriginal peoples and Native Americans of various regions of the present-day countries of Canada and the United States traded among themselves in the pre–Columbian Era. Europeans participated in the trade from the time of their arrival to Turtle Island, commonly referenced as the New World, extending the trade's reach to Europe. The French started trading in the 16th century, the English established trading posts on Hudson Bay in present-day Canada during the 17th century, while the Dutch had trade by the same time in New Netherland. The North American fur trade reached its peak of economic importance in the 19th century, and involved the development of elaborate trade-networks.
The fur trade became one of the main economic ventures in North America, attracting competition among the French, British, Dutch, Spanish, Swedes and Russians. Indeed, in the early history of the United States, capitalizing on this trade, and removing the British stranglehold over it, was seen[by whom?] as a major economic objective. Many Native American societies across the continent came to depend on the fur trade[when?] as their primary source of income. By the mid-1800s changing fashions in Europe brought about a collapse in fur prices. The American Fur Company and some other companies failed. Many Native communities were plunged into long-term poverty and consequently lost much of the political influence they once had.
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