There are many factors that encourage migration, among them are wealth,
education, religion, access to better job opportunities and better
healthcare and personal reasons (family).
Therefore the one factor that does not influence migration is listed in option c:
c. Healthcare and education are not pull factors that encourage migration.
It can be both
by improving transportation routes to Mecca
and
by improving sanitation and medical facilities
The country farthest east in Southeast Asia is the Philippines.