DNA is an example of a complex biological polymer called a nuclei acid. Nucleic acids are made up of many smaller sub units called nucleotides. The components of a DNA nucleotide are deoxyribose, phosphate group, nitrogen group. There are four possible bases in a DNA molecules which includes adenine, cytosine, guanine and tymine.
<span>More than 50</span>. There are more than 7000 chemicals in cigarette smoke, 250 of which are known to be detrimental to health and 69 chemicals are carcinogenic (can cause cancer). Some of the carcinogenic chemicals in cigarette smoke are: Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Formaldehyde and Nickel.
Answer with Explanation:
Gramicidine is an antibiotic that has a polypeptide structure and is composed of 3 chains. This molecule can adopt a structure called beta 6-3 helix, so as to form a channel through the cell membrane of bacteria which allows the passage of ions (in this case cations) such as H +, K + or Na +, this situation leads to that in the cell alterations in the content of cellular cations are generated, among the effects the loss of potassium that can cause the death of the cell due to hemolysis due to alteration in the permeability of the membrane is highlighted. This effect is known as the ionophore effect.
An ionophore effect leads to the inhibition in the release of H + to the mitochondrial electronic transport chain.
Gramicidin thanks to its mechanism of action, when it produces interference specifically in a cellular organelle called mitochondria in the inner mitochondrial membrane, it is responsible for interrupting the passage of electrons, alters the gradient of H + and the performance of the enzyme called ATP- synthase which is responsible for producing ATP.
The damage that the entire previous situation produces on oxidative phosphorylation, leads to the refusal of ADP refosphorylation, then ADP and its hydrolysis products will accumulate, and finally the result will be a decrease in ATP levels.
<span>there are several differences, here are some:
kingdoms: sunflower = plant; amoeba = ProtistaCell
membranes: sunflower = cell wall; amoeba = semipermeable membrane only
organelles: sunflower = cholorplasts; amoeba = pseudopod
</span><span>Cell organization: sunflower = differentiated multicellular: amoeba = single cell
<span>Habitat: sunflower = confined to land areas; amoeba = confined to water
hope this helps</span></span>
