The normal membrane potential inside the axon of nerve cells is –70mV, and since this potential can change in nerve cells it is called the resting potential. When a stimulus is applied a brief reversal of the membrane potential, lasting about a millisecond, occurs. This brief reversal is called the action potential
<span>A stimulus can cause the membrane potential to change a little. The voltage-gated ion channels can detect this change, and when the potential reaches –30mV the sodium channels open for 0.5ms. The causes sodium ions to rush in, making the inside of the cell more positive. This phase is referred to as a depolarisation since the normal voltage polarity (negative inside) is reversed (becomes positive inside). </span>
<span>Repolarisation. At a certain point, the depolarisation of the membrane causes the sodium channels to close. As a result the potassium channels open for 0.5ms, causing potassium ions to rush out, making the inside more negative again. Since this restores the original polarity, it is called repolarisation. As the polarity becomes restored, there is a slight ‘overshoot’ in the movement of potassium ions (called hyperpolarisation). The resting membrane potential is restored by the Na+K+ATPase pump.</span>
Answer:
Considering all the changes which have occurred due to reformers we can say that reformers had a positive impact on the problems of American society.
Some of the reformers fought for ending slavery from American society. They had secret meetings in their houses to discuss the reforms that should be taken to finish slavery. Reformers like William Loyd Garrison wrote articles so that people might take slavery as an important issue and help to fight it. The abolutionists movement brought by the reformers has a positive impact and we can see that slavery has been eradicated from American society.
Apart from this, there are many other reforms which have made American society a better place to live.
Answer:
Burning fossil fuels, cutting down forests and farming livestock are increasingly influencing the climate and the earth's temperature. This adds enormous amounts of greenhouse gases to those naturally occurring in the atmosphere, increasing the greenhouse effect and global warming.
Explanation:
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Answer:
Functions of phosphorus in the body,
i) Formation of bones and teeth. It's a component necessary for forming strong bones and teeth in the body.
ii) It's important in helping to make protein in the body for growth. Since many proteins in the body are phosphorylated for regulating their functions.
iii) Activation of enzymes. This done through phosphorylation.
iv) Gene transcription. It provides structural importance to the gene and protein binding is by the presence of phosphorus.
Deficiency of phosphorus in the body;
i) Weak and fragile bones.
ii) Bone pain.
iii) Fragile teeth.
iv) Stiff joints.
