Answer:
Midway: The U.S. Navy was prepared for the attack - Admiral Nimitz was able to deduce quite accurately the size of the Japanese fleet, as well as their intentions. As a result, they were able to inflict devastating losses - Japan committed four aircraft carriers, with 248 aircraft on them to the battle, and lost all of them. The battle forced the Japanese to assume a defensive position, fighting battles that were incrementally closer to the Japanese homeland, and they lacked the resources to stage a large scale counter-offensive that would have repelled the U.S. forces.
Stalingrad: The Soviet forces held defensive positions in the city as German divisions surrounded them. While the Soviets were able to effectively defend, the Russian winter began to set in and the Germans continued to play offensively. Hitler was determined to not surrender so he tried to flank the Soviets but because they were so attritiated from loss of ammo and food, the Soviets easily defeated them and surrounded their forces. Soon after, the German forces in Stalingrad surrendered.
Answer:
By opening interaction with western nation.
Explanation:
In the past, both of these nations were extremely secluded and homogeneous. They strive to produce their own consumption products without any form of trades with another nation.
But they soon realize that it is much more beneficial to be involved in international trades due to the increase of target market and
China started to opened up the possibilities for international relation in early 1800s, and started to show signs of economic growth from that decision. Japan see this, and decided to emulated China in 1854.
That being said, both nations were pretty adamant that they're not interested in any form of colonial relationship with the Europeans. They wanted to maintain complete autonomy over their territories and not afraid to retaliate if the western nations started to show that intention.
Answer:
A. The Aztec and Inca had large, united empires, but the Maya did not.