In the middle of the eleventh century, popes began to bring changes in the monastic reformers. In 1059, Pope Nicholas II brought reform which found its way to Pope Gregory VII in 1073. Gregory insisted that human society governed by God’s universal law, and as the supreme spiritual leader of Christendom, the pope was in charge of establishing a Christian society. Gregory VII improve the moral quality of the clergy. The appointment of bishops, Pope Gregory insisted, should be controlled by the church.
When he suggested that change should be brought about “by any means necessary,” Malcolm X was stating violence would be necessary to achieve civil rights goals.
