In photosynthesis, the movement of protons from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen is proton gradient and is coupled to<u> transfer of </u><u>protons</u>.
Protons are transported across the thylakoid membrane and into the lumen through the electron transport chain (the space inside the thylakoid disk). Protons are simultaneously removed from the stroma by reduction of NADPH and added to the lumen via water splitting (the space outside the thylakoids). Protons are pumped from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen as a result of the electron passing through the first link in the electron transport chain. A fourth protein complex in the thylakoid membrane, ATP synthase, then uses the energy stored in this proton gradient to produce ATP. This protein complex, like the mitochondrial enzyme, links proton flow back across the membrane to the creation of ATP.
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Answer:
When a molecule moves down its concentration gradient is it participating in passive transport; moving up the concentration gradient requires energy making it Answer:active transport
Answer: The correct option is <span>a long carbon and hydrogen chain and a carboxyl group.
Reason: Fatty acid is basically consists of two main parts:
a hydrocarbon tail connected with carboxylic group as shown in the figure.</span>
