Answer:
Minimizing economic, environmental, and human costs related to extreme weather is a difficult problem for public infrastructure because New York´s geography feautures include 520 miles of shoreline, marshes, beaches, harbors and waterfonts implying an big magnitude of costs requiring a wide range of adaptive strategies to bulid up resilience to hazard from extreme weather, but not as an immediate benefit.
Explanation:
New York has always been a waterfront city, therefore Hurricane Sandy’s significant flood and destruction reminded the governments on precedents around the world about extreme weather global complex issues that the city is facing as an urban waterfront community.
New York City with its unique features, coped with storm´s coastal flooding disaster and recognizes it needs to cope with the challenges of increasing risk that climate change, sea level rise and coastal storms involve. But the storm city´s resilience imply high-costs-strong measures to plan for coastal risks aid in short- and long-term robust infrastructure projects considering the special design for waterfront communities by the means of making the city safer and healthier, but still vibrant and prosperous, vital and sus
tainable.
Although critical, planning for the future of these projects depends on budget management associated with each strategy for New York City comprehensive waterfront plan, as this framework requires gigantic public and private investment for ensuring healthy waterways, a strong port, the ecological protection of nat
ural habitats, the public’s enjoyment of the shoreline, and the economic benefits of in our waterfront trying to understand the magnitude and benefits in the future and in case of disasters.
It is clear that from 2006 to 2012, the average insolation reflected by the Greenland ice sheets is decreasing. This indicates that each year, the amount of solar radiation that the ice sheets are able to reflect is decreasing. The level of insolation reflected is dependent on the area of ice sheets capable of reflecting the solar energy. Since the insolation reflected has decreased, this may mean that the area of the ice sheets has decreased as well.
It's plate tectonics, Earthquakes can be cause by ...
Destructive boundaries (where an oceanic plate goes under a continental plate which causes pressure to build up by friction, and when is released, causes an earthquake)
Or Conservative boundaries where 2 plates rub against each other causing pressure to build up and be released as an earthquake.
Volcanos can be made by...
constructive plate boundaries where 2 plates pull away from each other, leaving large cracks in the earth for magma to erupt.
As well as...
Hotspots which are on the plate itself not a boundary.
The Gaia hypothesis proposes that the Earth is a self-regulating intricate structure which involves the atmosphere, the hydrospheres, the biosphere, and the pedosphere, firmly paired as an evolving system. The aforementioned hypothesis claims that this system, called Gaia, looks for a chemical and physical environment that is best for contemporary life as a whole. A lot of processes in the Earth's surface crucial for the conditions of life rely on the interaction of living forms with elements that are inorganic. These processes indicate a global control system that controls Earth's surface atmosphere, temperature, ocean salinity and composition, which is powered by the global thermodynamic disequilibrium state of the Earth system.
Answer:
points, lines, areas, and volumesa. points, dots, dashes, areas.
Explanation:
