I believe the answer is: Ethnocentricity.
ethnocentricity refers to the act of seeing our own culture as inherently superior compared to another culture. This often make people seeing the norms or tradition that exist in other culture by using our own as a standard. The more their culture deviate from ours, the more inferior we think their culture to be.
B. the ruling class was comprised entirely of Muslims, i believe this is the correct answer, I hope this helps!!
It helps us visualize, shows examples, and hear the concepts of other cultures. I may be wrong anyone else?
I am pretty sure your answer would c correct me if im wrong plz but i hope this helped :)