The correct answer should be<span> C. There was exportation of slaves during the slave-trade-era
The triangular trade made it possible for millions of people to become transported from Africa to the new world. Those who remained waged wars as tribes tried to conquer other tribes and enslave them and sell them to white people. </span>
Two major events triggering modernization of the middle ease would be World War I that started the rise of ethnic consciousness, overthrowing the ottoman rule. And the founding of Israel on 1948 which had established better access to other countries around the world starting the resolution of conflict with the help of UN which will then allow the countries to develop.
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The Ottoman Empire was sustained by Muslims, It as well took the place of the Byzantine Empire as the major power in the Mediterranean.