Foreign invaders have proteins called antigen, which antibodies lock onto to neutralize. The foreign proteins are different from proteins in our own body, so the immune system can recognize them and finally eliminate them.
Proteins. <span>The amino acids in a polypeptide chain are linked by peptide bonds. Once linked in the </span>protein<span> chain, an individual amino acid is called a residue, and the linked series of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms are known as the main chain or </span>protein<span> backbone.</span>
Answer: If one is constructing a phylogeny of reptiles using DNA sequence data of birds, mammals, amphibians or fish, the suitable outgroup to be used are mammals due to the time of divergence from other group of organisms.
Explanation: Phylogeny is used to determine evolutionary relationship between items or organisms. A phylogenetic tree is a graphical illustration of phylogenetic relationship. In phylogeny, an outgroup represent an organism that is more distantly related to other group of organisms.
In a phylogenetic tree, outgroup stands alone. It shows that the time of divergence of that particular organism is far from other group of organisms. Outgroup is used to root a tree and sometimes represent a group that is more ancestral on a tree.
It should be noted that differences in the DNA sequences of the organisms under consideration will determine which organism will serve as the outgroup.
Answer:
C) they lack lignified vascular tissue. (
Since they do not have vascular tissues, they are not able to develop vertically like the trees we know.)
Explanation:
A)
Plants do not have "sperm". They have sporophytes or gametophytes.
B) No specific parasitic bacteria of bryophytes are known.
D) In fact, they have. Although they require water for their reproduction, some species of bryophytes are found in deserts.
E) Rhizoids are not weak, otherwise they would not have the ability to keep bryophytes attached (mosses).
There are many fish in the world.
but it’s probably not that hard tbh.
