Answer:
3. Antibody-independent pathways of complement activation rely on complement components that directly bind to microbial surfaces.
Explanation:
There are three pathways of complement activation:
- The classical pathway.
- The alternative pathway.
- The lectin pathway.
The classical pathway is triggered by binding of C1 either to the pathogen surface or to antibody bound to the pathogen.
The alternative pathway is triggered by the spontaneous hydrolysis of soluble C3 to C3(H₂O) and initiates eventual deposition of C3 convertase on microbial surfaces.
The lectin pathway is triggered by the binding of mannose-binding lectin or ficolins to carbohydrate residues in microbial cell walls and capsules.
Answer:
Answer is A-B toxin.
Explanation:
A membrane-disrupting toxin is toxin that affect the cell membrane. The effect of its secretion could be by interrupting the phospholipid layer or through pores formation on the membrane.
Membrane- disrupting toxins are regarded as exotoxins. Examples are leukocidin and hemolysin which their effects cause leakages of the cytoplasmic content and lysis of the cell, through the formation of pores on the cell membrane.
The A-B toxin are produced by the proteins of pathogenic organisms such as the bacteria. Example is botulinum toxin.
1. Simple squamous epithelium
The cells are flat and only one layer.
2. Simple cuboidal epithelium
The cells are cuboid and only one layer.
3. Simple columnar epithelium.
The cells are columnar and only one layer.
4. Stratified squamous epithelium
The cells are flat and containing several layers.
5. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
The cells are cuboid and containing several layers.
6. Stratified columnar layer
The cella are columnar and containing several layers.
1. mother to fetus 2. through exposure to the antigen (virus, toxins, or cancer cells).
Genetic information will not be transmitted by the cell
