Answer:
C. Coupled reactions establish an electrochemical gradient across a membrane.
Explanation:
- During cellular respiration in mitochondria, and during photosynthesis in chloroplasts, the electron transport chain requires a proton gradient to pump protons across the membrane by active transport.
- Protons flow back across the membrane by facilitated diffusion through ATP synthase, which utilizes them to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.
- This process of ATP synthesis by harnessing the elctrochemicaal gradient geenrated by the diffusion of protons across the biological membrane through ATP synthase is called chemiosmosis.
Cells divide for many reasons. For example, when you skin your knee, cells divide to replace old, dead, or damaged cells. Cells also divide so living things can grow. ... Organisms grow because cells are dividing to produce more and more cells.
Answer: mitosis.
During DNA replication a pair of chromosomes of from one cell genders two duplicated chromosomes (so the number of chromosomes is duplicated), then in the mitosis process the cell split into two identical cells each with half of the duplicated chromosomes, so at the end one cell with two chromosomes form two cells each with two chromosomes. So, the new generation of cells has the same number of chromosomes.
A. temperature and salinity
