First of all. A definition of these and other terms is necessary:
- Dar Al Islam: in Arabic it literally means the "House of Islam". It is an Islamic political/legal term referring to the countries where Islam is practiced by the vast majority of the inhabitants and where the government and all rulers are are Islamic.
- Dar Al Harb: literally means the "house of war" and applies to all countries that do not have an armistice or a treaty of peace with Muslims. According to Islamic jurisprudence, it is not only licit and legal to attack and harass such countries by any means possible until they accept to convert to Islam or accept being the vassals of an adjacent Caliphate.
- Zanj: Arabic meaning "black" or "<u>negro</u>" was the region of Southeast Africa on the Swahili coast that was populated by black Africans. Zanj was the name that Medieval Muslim geographers used to refer to that area. Arab and Persian colonists founded settlements on the coastal areas of these regions. They ruled them according to Sharia Law and held all political and economic power. The blacks or Zanj were either conscripted to fight in Muslim armies or were sold as slaves to all the Islamic countries located on the coasts of the Indian Ocean.
Now that those definitions have been provided the answer is much simpler:
In Dar Al Islam, the Muhammadans were the majority and they were above all other social groups. Society was organized around Islam and the government and the religion were one since Islam does not recognize the separation of religion and state. It is the "abode of peace" since it is considered Islamic land and all Muslim subjects enjoy supremacy and several rights and privileges over non-Muslim majorities. Any of the Muslim Caliphates is considered to be Dar Al Islam.
Zanj on the other hand, is located within what Islamic lawmakers considered Dar Al Harb, the "house of war". The inhabitants of this area were animist, black unbelievers that according to Islamic religious and political doctrine were legally under the power of Muslims that could rule them and enslave them and use them as cannon fodder for their armies. Of course, the Islamic settlements where the Arab and Persian rulers lived were small Dar Al Islam enclaves since the rulers and the laws were Islamic but Muslims were not the majority and Islam was officially at war with the local Zanj unbelievers. Furthermore, the Zanj were not Arabs and spoke no Arabic so they were of course barred from any government position and were not even protected as <em>dhimmis </em>since they were not a People of the Book. Therefore in Zanj, the relationship between government and religion was a colonial one, unlike the one in Dar Al Islam.
the answer is:
c) they were all military leaders during the revolutionary war
Answer:
The State of the Medieval Economy from 750-1050With the collapse of the Roman Empire, trade in Europe ground to a halt.
Cities were abandoned. Craftsmen and merchants all but disappeared from the European landscape. Money fell out of use and trade was conducted by means of barter. Serfs struggled to feed themselves, and their lords enjoyed none of the luxuries we associate with aristocrats these days. Europe experienced an urban revolution around the 12th century. For three centuries, Europe languished in an economic slump. Then, around 1050, the European economy started turning again, slowly at first, but quickly accelerating. Trade began to flow across Europe's roads and waterways. Urban centers that had been all but abandoned began to grow again. Old trades re-emerged, and new trades were invented. The change was nothing short of an urban revolution. In the course of a couple centuries, Europe went from a continent of farmers, an economic dead end, a cultural backwater, to a land of merchants and craftsmen, living in bustling cities, generating culture at an unprecedented level. Save Timeline Autoplay Speed NormalVideo Quiz Course16K viewsThe Scope of the Urban RevolutionThe scope and speed of Europe's urban revolution is rather startling, considering its stagnation during the Dark Ages. The old Roman cities, which had never been more than fortified outposts to start with, became the centers of growing urban sprawls. Paris, London and Cologne doubled in population between 1100 and 1200, and doubled again between 1200 and 1300. Outside the old empire, new towns were established. 12th century Germany witnessed the founding of such prominent cities as Freiburg, Lubeck, Munich and Berlin. The height of this urban explosion was Italy. Venice, Genoa and Milan already had populations of over 100,000 in the 12th century. These populations would triple in less than two hundred years. Factors Behind the Urban RevolutionSeveral factors made this urban revolution possible. New lands were being opened up for agricultural development. A decline in Viking raids, combined with the development of stable central governments, at last allowed Europeans to stop huddling around feudal manors and start taming the great wilderness of the north. New agricultural technologies and techniques were producing unprecedented surpluses in European farms. The heavy plow was breaking up the rich soils of northern Europe. The three field crop rotation system was allowing farmers to wring the most from each acre. These agricultural surpluses would be essential to feed Europe's growing urban population. Meanwhile, labor saving technologies were freeing up human beings from many time consuming tasks. By the 12th century, Europeans had harnessed horses, the wind and rivers to do work that people used to do. This meant that it took far fewer people to run a farm. Instead of digging in the dirt with sticks or grinding grains by hand, people could pursue skilled trades in Europe's growing cities and leave the grinding and digging to horses and mills. These agricultural shifts were having an impact on the European aristocracy as well. Feudal lords were beginning to realize that they could make a lot more profit by charging rents on free peasants than they could by manning their own fields with serfs. Freed from the land at last, many of these free peasants left their farms to find fortune in the city.
Answer:
the Big brother policy was an extension of the Monroe doctrine formulated by James g Blaine in the 1880s that aimed to Rally Latin American Nations behind us leadership and open their market to us traders Blaine served as secretary of State in 1881 under President James a Garfield.
<em>They carved questions into these bones and burned them to find out about future or current events</em>
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