Answer:
Environment and competition is the leading cause of evolution. It's an instinct to want to live, but trying to survive is difficult when other animals have the same goal. An ecosystem is a cycle, but every generation of this ecosystem slightly changes, and so do the animals. Every bug that has fitness can start overpopulating the ecosystem, leading to a surge of resources for what preys on the bug. Now bird's population goes up, so do other animal populations. Or the bug becomes an invasive species, and birds are being hunted too often to decrease the population.
In a different scenario, bugs are evolving because of the selection pressure that the environment is giving them. The birds have become better over the generation, and now have a more suited beak to catch the bug off the ground. The bug population maybe be decreasing, but the ones who live through the crisis are populating with bugs that certain gene that helped them out. But it's not over, the bug population isn't declining but it wasn't as big as it was before. The bird will find more ways to find and capture the bugs. But then bugs will keep surviving through the selection pressure and become much harder to find since they figured out camouflage. The bug that was neon yellow was dying since they were easy to see. Now they can range from green to black to hide in the environment. Now the birds are facing the selection pressure, it's a cycle.
(look, im not good at gammar, so you should get this looked at before entering it. I put it through gammarly if that helps.
Vinegar is an extremely acidic liquid. Very few microorganisms (ie bacteria and fungus which cause foods to spoil) can survive in such an acidic environment. Among other effects, it can destroy their cell walls, and prevent their own enzymes working (enzymes are extremely pH sensitive). There are a small number of microorgamisms which are adapted to survive in extreme acidity. However, this adaptation prevents them from surviving in more 'normal' environments. Therefore, anything which can survive in the vinegar, will not likely survive on your kitchen surface, and the same is true the other way around. Therefore, as vitually nothing can colonise whatever is in the vinegar, the food will be very effectively preserved. . . . . . . . . . . you can say........................ . . the low pH a nd high acidity of vinegar destroy bacteria
Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
That property is called h<span>ydrogen bonding. </span>
