This series of laws was called the Black Codes.
Most Black Codes were passed in 1865-66 in Southern states to control the conduct of newly-freed African Americans after the Civil War.
Depending on the state, they established rules regarding:
- the legitimacy of black people's jobs (if their work was not recognized by whites, they could be considered criminal vagrants),
- their right to own property (like land) or businesses,
- their movement through public spaces,
- their right to carry weapons,
- their right to marry or live with whites, etc.
Answer:
The Holy Roman Empire faced many territorial challenges.
Explanation:
The first challenge was in Italy: the Italian states that were part of the Holy Roman Empire were separated from the German hinterland by the Alps, which imposed a communication barrier that made it very difficult for Emperors to hold control over these lands.
In what is now Germany, there were also territorial issues. The land was divided among countless states: duchies, counties, princedoms, fiefdoms, city-states, and so on, something that made coordination at the imperial level very difficult.
As centuries passed, the Holy Roman Empire lost control over several possessions: it lost most of the Low Countries, and the Italian city-states like the Duchy of Milan and the Republic of Venice became fully independent.
Answer: Trade
Explanation: Islam origins began with trade and with the popularity of trade in the 13th Islam began to spread along the 13th century
