Answer:
acquiring access to new markets
In general, "a. cities" are not required for the development of civilization, since many civilizations throughout history have been comprised of smaller villages that would not compare to modern or pre-modern cities.
Before Brown v. Board of Education, public schools could remain segregated based on race as long as the educational opportunities remained equal. Brown v. Board of Education ruled the "separate but equal" idea to be unconstitutional and unequal. This was the beginning of the end of racial segregation in schools. Hope this helped!
Proprietary colony I think.
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