The Supreme Court decision Dred Scott v. Sandford was issued on March 6, 1857. Delivered by Chief Justice Roger Taney, this opinion declared that African Americans were not citizens of the United States and could not sue in Federal courts.In March of 1857, the United States Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, declared that all blacks -- slaves as well as free -- were not and could never become citizens of the United States.
A beating is far less severe than torture and mutilation.
Explanation:
Torture is far more extensive and does more damage as well as increases the chance greatly of psychological damage. Mutilation is also way too harsh due to the same facts.
