1. The two major causes of desertification are the climate variations and the human activities. The desertification is a process that is a growing concern in the world, as the deserts have been spreading out more and more. One of the reasons are the climate variations. The changes in the precipitation patterns have resulted in reduced precipitation levels at certain places, resulting in the dying out of the vegetation and gradually being replaced with barren land dominated by sand or rocks. The other major cause is the human activity. The humans have been destroying lot of the vegetation because of their own needs, as well as using the waters in the arid and semi-arid regions extensively, resulting in barren landscape with destroyed soil, quickly becoming desert or semi-desert.
2. The basic mechanism of desertification is the change in climate, which is triggering the reactivation of the dormant sand dunes. The climate is constantly changing, and that is not something new, and while it may have positive effects at certain places, it has negative ones in others. When the precipitation levels drop significantly at certain places, the vegetation is starting to die out, and to be replaced by a desert one. The soil is also getting downgraded significantly. This enables the winds to be much bigger factor in shaping the landscape. They start to pick up small particles from the barren land and disperse them, and as they do they create sand dunes gradually, creating a desert.
3. The adverse effects for the humans from the desertification are numerous. With the desertification, the areas become much less suitable for living, in certain occasions almost impossible. The soil is destroyed, thus the agriculture and farming of animals can not be performed, meaning that food can not be produced. The water reserves go significantly down, so there's not enough water for drinking or for the other needs of the humans. The winds are become a big problem, they are much stronger and often cause sand storms, which can even be deadly if someone is caught in the open. The climate is very harsh, the temperatures are very high and it is very dry, or if it is a cold desert, it will have both very high and very low temperatures, depending on the period of the year.
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Answer:
Air pollution harms human health and the environment. In Europe, emissions of many air pollutants have decreased substantially over the past decades, resulting in improved air quality across the region. However, air pollutant concentrations are still too high, and air quality problems persist. A significant proportion of Europe’s population live in areas, especially cities, where exceedances of air quality standards occur: ozone, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter (PM) pollution pose serious health risks. Several countries have exceeded one or more of their 2010 emission limits for four important air pollutants. Reducing air pollution therefore remains important.
Air pollution is a local, pan-European and hemispheric issue. Air pollutants released in one country may be transported in the atmosphere, contributing to or resulting in poor air quality elsewhere.
Particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone, are now generally recognised as the three pollutants that most significantly affect human health. Long-term and peak exposures to these pollutants range in severity of impact, from impairing the respiratory system to premature death. Around 90 % of city dwellers in Europe are exposed to pollutants at concentrations higher than the air quality levels deemed harmful to health. For example, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in air has been estimated to reduce life expectancy in the EU by more than eight months. Benzo(a)pyrene is a carcinogenic pollutant of increasing concern, with concentrations being above the threshold set to protect human health in several urban areas, especially in central and eastern Europe.
"Air pollution is causing damage to human health and ecosystems. Large parts of the population do not live in a healthy environment, according to current standards. To get on to a sustainable path, Europe will have to be ambitious and go beyond current legislation."
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Explanation:
using mid point formula
(x1+x2/2) , (y1+y2/2)
so x =
so y =
so the final answer is
(1.5 , 5.5)
<em>sorry</em><em> </em><em>if</em><em> </em><em>im</em><em> </em><em>wrong</em>